Notes
Slide Show
Outline
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Introduction
  • In Florida, pepper and cucumber are among the top ten most valuable vegetable crops.


  • Population increase and reduced available land have prompted vegetable farmers about improving yields in the short term.


  • When intensive production approaches are utilized:
    • Building up pest populations.
    • Increasing control costs.
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Introduction
  • Pepper production include the use of broad-spectrum soil fumigants under plastic mulch with drip irrigation.


  • For many years, methyl bromide (MBr) has been injected under beds for season-long control of fungal and bacterial diseases, nematodes and weeds.


  • However, MBr is an ozone-depleting agent and it will be totally removed from the market in 2005.
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Introduction
  • Without fumigation, soilborne diseases, nematodes and weeds could increase crop losses up to 100%.
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Introduction
  • Furthermore, few pesticides are registered to manage soil diseases and weeds, reducing the spectrum of products from which growers could choose.


  • In tomato, good fungal and nematode control:


    • Chloropicrin (Pic).


    • Pic + 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D).
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Introduction
  • These products fail in controlling purple and yellow nutsedges.


  • These weeds could grow through the plastic mulch.


  • The herbicide pebulate could be effective for nutsedge control.
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Introduction
  • Integrated approaches, such as crop rotation and double cropping, could reduce pests population.


  • Few trials have been conducted to determine the impact of soil fumigants and herbicides on the following crop:


    • Understanding pest population dynamics.


    • Reducing management costs.
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Objective
  •    Determine the effect of soil fumigant and herbicide combinations in pepper-cucumber crop rotations, as potential alternatives for methyl bromide.
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Materials and Methods
  • Two field trials at the GCREC-UF in Bradenton, Florida.


  • First trial (Spring-Fall trial):
    • Pepper (Spring).
    • Cucumber (Fall).


  • Second trial (Fall-Spring trial):
    • Pepper (Fall).
    • Cucumber (Spring).
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Materials and Methods
  • Cucumber planted in same plots were pepper was harvested.


  • Fields moderately infested by rootknot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.).


  • Crops were planted on pressed beds covered with plastic 0.038-mm-thick polyethylene mulch.
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Materials and Methods
  • Fall-Spring trial.
    • Fumigants:
      • Non-treated control.
      • MBr + Pic (67/33%, respectively): 400 kg·ha-1.
      • Pic: 400 kg·ha-1.
      • Metam sodium (MNa): 945 L·ha-1.
      • 1,3-D + Pic (83/17%, respectively): 330 L·ha-1.
      • Anhydrous ammonia (ANH4): 300 L·ha-1.
    • Herbicides:
      • Non-treated control,
      • Napropamide: 4.50 kg·ha-1.
      • Metolachlor: 2.25 kg·ha-1.
      • Pebulate: 4.50 kg·ha-1.
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Materials and Methods
  • Spring-Fall trial.
    • Fumigants:
      • Non-treated control.
      • MBr + Pic (67/33%, respectively): 400 kg·ha-1.
      • Pic: 400 kg·ha-1.
      • Metam sodium (MNa): 945 L·ha-1.
      • 1,3-D + Pic (83/17%, respectively): 330 L·ha-1.
      • 1,3-D + Pic (65/35%, respectively): 330 L·ha-1.
    • Herbicides:
      • Non-treated control,
      • Napropamide: 4.50 kg·ha-1.
      • Metolachlor: 2.25 kg·ha-1.
      • Pebulate: 4.50 kg·ha-1.
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Materials and Methods
  • Treatments factorially arranged.


  • Randomized complete block design.


  • Two main effects:
    • Fumigants.


    • Herbicides.

  • Six replications.
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Materials and Methods
  • Starter fertilizer:
    • 285 kg·ha-1 of 15-0-30.


  • Preplant herbicides:
    • Applied 3 weeks before transplanting.
    • Incorporated with a field cultivator at 15 to 20 cm.


  • Fumigants:
    • Injected with a standard pressurized fumigation rig.
    • Three chisels per bed spaced 30 cm apart.
    • Delivered 5 cm below the bottom of beds.
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Materials and Methods
  • Pepper:
    • ‘Valient’.
    • Transplanted 3 weeks after fumigants.
    • Single rows on top of the beds.


  • Cucumber:
    • ‘Poinsett 76’.
    • Directly seeded.


  • Drip and subsurface irrigation.


  • Insecticides and fungicides weekly.
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Materials and Methods
  • Variables:
    • Purple nutsedge control at 6 and 10 WAT                     (%, 0% = no control and 100% = total control).


    • Nematode root gall incidence at cucumber harvest           (%, 0 = no galls and 10 = 100% of roots galled).


    • Pepper yields at 12 and 14 WAT.


    • Cucumbers yields starting 7 weeks after planting             (7 harvests).
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Materials and Methods
  • Weed and nematode data transformed by arc sin-1.


  • ANOVA at 5% significance.


  • LSD at 5% level.
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Spring Fall
Fumigants Rate/ha Number Weight Number Weight
(kg/3.9 m2) (kg/3.9 m2)

MNa 945 L 155.4 a 24.54 a 147.7 a 26.26 a
MBr 400 kg 129.9 b 18.21 b 141.1 ab 24.75 ab
1,3-D + 35% Pic 330 L --- --- 132.0 bc 23.43 b
Pic 400 kg 127.6 b 18.40 b 124.6 c 22.56 b
1,3-D + 17% Pic 330 L 127.0 b 19.56 b 145.6 a 25.74 a
Untreated 113.4 c 17.75 c 85.1 d 15.34 c
ANH4 300 L 103.2 c 16.13 c --- ---

Herbicides
Napropamide 4.50 kg 131.9 a 19.63 a --- ---
Untreated 129.5 a 19.58 a --- ---
Metolachlor 2.25 kg 128.2 a 20.38 a --- ---
Pebulate 4.50 kg 114.7 b 16.81 b --- ---
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